Sample Similarity

The goal of sample similarity module is understanding how different two samples are from a multivariate perspective.

One of the ways to indicate this is Resemblance Model. Having two datasets - say X1 and X2 - one can analyse how easy it is to recognize which dataset a randomly selected row comes from. The Resemblance model assigns label 0 to the dataset X1, and label 1 to X2 and trains a binary classification model to predict which sample a given row comes from. By looking at the test AUC, one can conclude that the samples have a different distribution if the AUC is significantly higher than 0.5. Furthermore, by analysing feature importance one can understand which of the features have predictive power.

The following features are implemented:

• SHAPImportanceResemblance (Recommended): The class applies SHAP library, in order to interpret the tree based resemblance model.
• PermutationImportanceResemblance: The class applies permutation feature importance in order to understand which features the current model relies on the most. The higher the importance of the feature, the more a given feature possibly differs in X2 compared to X1. The importance indicates how much the test AUC drops if a given feature is permuted.

BaseResemblanceModel

Bases: BaseFitComputePlotClass

This model checks for the similarity of two samples.

A possible use case is analysis of whether th train sample differs from the test sample, due to e.g. non-stationarity.

This is a base class and needs to be extended by a fit() method, which implements how the data is split, how the model is trained and evaluated. Further, inheriting classes need to implement how feature importance should be indicated.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

class BaseResemblanceModel(BaseFitComputePlotClass):
    """
    This model checks for the similarity of two samples.

    A possible use case is analysis of whether th train sample differs
    from the test sample, due to e.g. non-stationarity.

    This is a base class and needs to be extended by a fit() method, which implements how the data is split,
    how the model is trained and evaluated.
    Further, inheriting classes need to implement how feature importance should be indicated.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model,
        scoring="roc_auc",
        test_prc=0.25,
        n_jobs=1,
        verbose=0,
        random_state=None,
    ):
        """
        Initializes the class.

        Args:
            model (model object):
                Regression or classification model or pipeline.

            scoring (string or probatus.utils.Scorer, optional):
                Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with
                predefined
                [classification scorers names in sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html).
                Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. The recommended option for this
                class is 'roc_auc'.

            test_prc (float, optional):
                Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.

            n_jobs (int, optional):
                Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.

            verbose (int, optional):
                Controls verbosity of the output:

                - 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown
                - 1 - only most important warnings
                - 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.

            random_state (int, optional):
                Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be
                reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For
                reproducible results set it to an integer.
        """  # noqa
        self.model = model
        self.test_prc = test_prc
        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
        self.random_state = random_state
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.scorer = get_single_scorer(scoring)

    def _init_output_variables(self):
        """
        Initializes variables that will be filled in during fit() method, and are used as output.
        """
        self.X_train = None
        self.X_test = None
        self.y_train = None
        self.y_test = None
        self.train_score = None
        self.test_score = None
        self.report = None

    def fit(self, X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None):
        """
        Base fit functionality that should be executed before each fit.

        Args:
            X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

            X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

            column_names (list of str, optional):
                List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
                feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
                generated.

            class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
                List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
                default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

        Returns:
            (BaseResemblanceModel):
                Fitted object
        """
        # Set class names
        self.class_names = class_names
        if self.class_names is None:
            self.class_names = ["First Sample", "Second Sample"]

        # Ensure inputs are correct
        self.X1, self.column_names = preprocess_data(X1, X_name="X1", column_names=column_names, verbose=self.verbose)
        self.X2, _ = preprocess_data(X2, X_name="X2", column_names=column_names, verbose=self.verbose)

        # Prepare dataset for modelling
        self.X = pd.DataFrame(pd.concat([self.X1, self.X2], axis=0), columns=self.column_names).reset_index(drop=True)

        self.y = pd.Series(
            np.concatenate(
                [
                    np.zeros(self.X1.shape[0]),
                    np.ones(self.X2.shape[0]),
                ]
            )
        ).reset_index(drop=True)

        # Assure the type and number of classes for the variable
        self.X, _ = preprocess_data(self.X, X_name="X", column_names=self.column_names, verbose=self.verbose)

        self.y = preprocess_labels(self.y, y_name="y", index=self.X.index, verbose=self.verbose)

        # Reinitialize variables in case of multiple times being fit
        self._init_output_variables()

        self.X_train, self.X_test, self.y_train, self.y_test = train_test_split(
            self.X,
            self.y,
            test_size=self.test_prc,
            random_state=self.random_state,
            shuffle=True,
            stratify=self.y,
        )
        self.model.fit(self.X_train, self.y_train)

        self.train_score = np.round(self.scorer.score(self.model, self.X_train, self.y_train), 3)
        self.test_score = np.round(self.scorer.score(self.model, self.X_test, self.y_test), 3)

        self.results_text = (
            f"Train {self.scorer.metric_name}: {np.round(self.train_score, 3)},\n"
            f"Test {self.scorer.metric_name}: {np.round(self.test_score, 3)}."
        )
        if self.verbose > 1:
            logger.info(f"Finished model training: \n{self.results_text}")

        if self.verbose > 0:
            if self.train_score > self.test_score:
                warnings.warn(
                    f"Train {self.scorer.metric_name} > Test {self.scorer.metric_name}, which might indicate "
                    f"an overfit. \n Strong overfit might lead to misleading conclusions when analysing "
                    f"feature importance. Consider retraining with more regularization applied to the model."
                )
        self.fitted = True
        return self

    def get_data_splits(self):
        """
        Returns the data splits used to train the Resemblance model.

        Returns:
            (pd.DataFrame, pd.DataFrame, pd.Series, pd.Series):
                X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test.
        """
        self._check_if_fitted()
        return self.X_train, self.X_test, self.y_train, self.y_test

    def compute(self, return_scores=False):
        """
        Checks if fit() method has been run and computes the output variables.

        Args:
            return_scores (bool, optional):
                Flag indicating whether the method should return a tuple (feature importances, train score,
                test score), or feature importances. By default the second option is selected.

        Returns:
            (tuple(pd.DataFrame, float, float) or pd.DataFrame):
                Depending on value of return_tuple either returns a tuple (feature importances, train AUC, test AUC), or
                feature importances.
        """
        self._check_if_fitted()

        if return_scores:
            return self.report, self.train_score, self.test_score
        else:
            return self.report

    def fit_compute(
        self,
        X1,
        X2,
        column_names=None,
        class_names=None,
        return_scores=False,
        **fit_kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Fits the resemblance model and computes the report regarding feature importance.

        Args:
            X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

            X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

            column_names (list of str, optional):
                List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
                feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
                generated.

            class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
                List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
                default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

            return_scores (bool, optional):
                Flag indicating whether the method should return a tuple (feature importances, train score,
                test score), or feature importances. By default the second option is selected.

            **fit_kwargs:
                In case any other arguments are accepted by fit() method, they can be passed as keyword arguments.

        Returns:
            (tuple of (pd.DataFrame, float, float) or pd.DataFrame):
                Depending on value of return_tuple either returns a tuple (feature importances, train AUC, test AUC), or
                feature importances.
        """
        self.fit(X1, X2, column_names=column_names, class_names=class_names, **fit_kwargs)
        return self.compute(return_scores=return_scores)

    def plot(self):
        """
        Plot.
        """
        raise (NotImplementedError("Plot method has not been implemented."))

__init__(model, scoring='roc_auc', test_prc=0.25, n_jobs=1, verbose=0, random_state=None)

Initializes the class.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
model	model object	Regression or classification model or pipeline.	required
scoring	string or Scorer	Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with predefined classification scorers names in sklearn. Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. The recommended option for this class is 'roc_auc'.	'roc_auc'
test_prc	float	Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.	0.25
n_jobs	int	Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.	1
verbose	int	Controls verbosity of the output: 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown 1 - only most important warnings 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.	0
random_state	int	Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For reproducible results set it to an integer.	None

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def __init__(
    self,
    model,
    scoring="roc_auc",
    test_prc=0.25,
    n_jobs=1,
    verbose=0,
    random_state=None,
):
    """
    Initializes the class.

    Args:
        model (model object):
            Regression or classification model or pipeline.

        scoring (string or probatus.utils.Scorer, optional):
            Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with
            predefined
            [classification scorers names in sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html).
            Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. The recommended option for this
            class is 'roc_auc'.

        test_prc (float, optional):
            Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.

        n_jobs (int, optional):
            Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.

        verbose (int, optional):
            Controls verbosity of the output:

            - 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown
            - 1 - only most important warnings
            - 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.

        random_state (int, optional):
            Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be
            reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For
            reproducible results set it to an integer.
    """  # noqa
    self.model = model
    self.test_prc = test_prc
    self.n_jobs = n_jobs
    self.random_state = random_state
    self.verbose = verbose
    self.scorer = get_single_scorer(scoring)

compute(return_scores=False)

Checks if fit() method has been run and computes the output variables.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
return_scores	bool	Flag indicating whether the method should return a tuple (feature importances, train score, test score), or feature importances. By default the second option is selected.	False

Returns:

Type	Description
tuple(DataFrame, float, float) or DataFrame	Depending on value of return_tuple either returns a tuple (feature importances, train AUC, test AUC), or feature importances.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def compute(self, return_scores=False):
    """
    Checks if fit() method has been run and computes the output variables.

    Args:
        return_scores (bool, optional):
            Flag indicating whether the method should return a tuple (feature importances, train score,
            test score), or feature importances. By default the second option is selected.

    Returns:
        (tuple(pd.DataFrame, float, float) or pd.DataFrame):
            Depending on value of return_tuple either returns a tuple (feature importances, train AUC, test AUC), or
            feature importances.
    """
    self._check_if_fitted()

    if return_scores:
        return self.report, self.train_score, self.test_score
    else:
        return self.report

fit(X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None)

Base fit functionality that should be executed before each fit.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
X1	ndarray or DataFrame	First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.	required
X2	ndarray or DataFrame	Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.	required
column_names	list of str	List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are generated.	None
class_names	None, or list of str	List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.	None

Returns:

Type	Description
BaseResemblanceModel	Fitted object

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def fit(self, X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None):
    """
    Base fit functionality that should be executed before each fit.

    Args:
        X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

        X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

        column_names (list of str, optional):
            List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
            feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
            generated.

        class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
            List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
            default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

    Returns:
        (BaseResemblanceModel):
            Fitted object
    """
    # Set class names
    self.class_names = class_names
    if self.class_names is None:
        self.class_names = ["First Sample", "Second Sample"]

    # Ensure inputs are correct
    self.X1, self.column_names = preprocess_data(X1, X_name="X1", column_names=column_names, verbose=self.verbose)
    self.X2, _ = preprocess_data(X2, X_name="X2", column_names=column_names, verbose=self.verbose)

    # Prepare dataset for modelling
    self.X = pd.DataFrame(pd.concat([self.X1, self.X2], axis=0), columns=self.column_names).reset_index(drop=True)

    self.y = pd.Series(
        np.concatenate(
            [
                np.zeros(self.X1.shape[0]),
                np.ones(self.X2.shape[0]),
            ]
        )
    ).reset_index(drop=True)

    # Assure the type and number of classes for the variable
    self.X, _ = preprocess_data(self.X, X_name="X", column_names=self.column_names, verbose=self.verbose)

    self.y = preprocess_labels(self.y, y_name="y", index=self.X.index, verbose=self.verbose)

    # Reinitialize variables in case of multiple times being fit
    self._init_output_variables()

    self.X_train, self.X_test, self.y_train, self.y_test = train_test_split(
        self.X,
        self.y,
        test_size=self.test_prc,
        random_state=self.random_state,
        shuffle=True,
        stratify=self.y,
    )
    self.model.fit(self.X_train, self.y_train)

    self.train_score = np.round(self.scorer.score(self.model, self.X_train, self.y_train), 3)
    self.test_score = np.round(self.scorer.score(self.model, self.X_test, self.y_test), 3)

    self.results_text = (
        f"Train {self.scorer.metric_name}: {np.round(self.train_score, 3)},\n"
        f"Test {self.scorer.metric_name}: {np.round(self.test_score, 3)}."
    )
    if self.verbose > 1:
        logger.info(f"Finished model training: \n{self.results_text}")

    if self.verbose > 0:
        if self.train_score > self.test_score:
            warnings.warn(
                f"Train {self.scorer.metric_name} > Test {self.scorer.metric_name}, which might indicate "
                f"an overfit. \n Strong overfit might lead to misleading conclusions when analysing "
                f"feature importance. Consider retraining with more regularization applied to the model."
            )
    self.fitted = True
    return self

fit_compute(X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None, return_scores=False, **fit_kwargs)

Fits the resemblance model and computes the report regarding feature importance.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
X1	ndarray or DataFrame	First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.	required
X2	ndarray or DataFrame	Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.	required
column_names	list of str	List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are generated.	None
class_names	None, or list of str	List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.	None
return_scores	bool	Flag indicating whether the method should return a tuple (feature importances, train score, test score), or feature importances. By default the second option is selected.	False
**fit_kwargs		In case any other arguments are accepted by fit() method, they can be passed as keyword arguments.	{}

Returns:

Type	Description
tuple of (pd.DataFrame, float, float) or pd.DataFrame	Depending on value of return_tuple either returns a tuple (feature importances, train AUC, test AUC), or feature importances.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def fit_compute(
    self,
    X1,
    X2,
    column_names=None,
    class_names=None,
    return_scores=False,
    **fit_kwargs,
):
    """
    Fits the resemblance model and computes the report regarding feature importance.

    Args:
        X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

        X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

        column_names (list of str, optional):
            List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
            feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
            generated.

        class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
            List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
            default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

        return_scores (bool, optional):
            Flag indicating whether the method should return a tuple (feature importances, train score,
            test score), or feature importances. By default the second option is selected.

        **fit_kwargs:
            In case any other arguments are accepted by fit() method, they can be passed as keyword arguments.

    Returns:
        (tuple of (pd.DataFrame, float, float) or pd.DataFrame):
            Depending on value of return_tuple either returns a tuple (feature importances, train AUC, test AUC), or
            feature importances.
    """
    self.fit(X1, X2, column_names=column_names, class_names=class_names, **fit_kwargs)
    return self.compute(return_scores=return_scores)

get_data_splits()

Returns the data splits used to train the Resemblance model.

Returns:

Type	Description
(DataFrame, DataFrame, Series, Series)	X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def get_data_splits(self):
    """
    Returns the data splits used to train the Resemblance model.

    Returns:
        (pd.DataFrame, pd.DataFrame, pd.Series, pd.Series):
            X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test.
    """
    self._check_if_fitted()
    return self.X_train, self.X_test, self.y_train, self.y_test

plot()

Plot.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def plot(self):
    """
    Plot.
    """
    raise (NotImplementedError("Plot method has not been implemented."))

PermutationImportanceResemblance

Bases: BaseResemblanceModel

This model checks the similarity of two samples.

A possible use case is analysis of whether the train sample differs from the test sample, due to e.g. non-stationarity.

It assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second. Then, it randomly selects a portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to that. The feature importance is calculated using permutation importance.

If the model achieves a test AUC significantly different than 0.5, it indicates that it is possible to distinguish between the samples, and therefore, the samples differ. Features with a high permutation importance contribute to that effect the most. Thus, their distribution might differ between two samples.

Examples:

from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from probatus.sample_similarity import PermutationImportanceResemblance
X1, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5)
X2, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5, shift=0.5)
model = RandomForestClassifier(max_depth=2)
perm = PermutationImportanceResemblance(model)
feature_importance = perm.fit_compute(X1, X2)
perm.plot()

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

class PermutationImportanceResemblance(BaseResemblanceModel):
    """
    This model checks the similarity of two samples.

    A possible use case is analysis of whether the train sample differs
    from the test sample, due to e.g. non-stationarity.

    It assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second. Then, it randomly selects a portion of
    data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row comes from. This
    provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to that. The feature
    importance is calculated using permutation importance.

    If the model achieves a test AUC significantly different than 0.5, it indicates that it is possible to distinguish
    between the samples, and therefore, the samples differ.
    Features with a high permutation importance contribute to that effect the most.
    Thus, their distribution might differ between two samples.

    Examples:
    ```python
    from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
    from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
    from probatus.sample_similarity import PermutationImportanceResemblance
    X1, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5)
    X2, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5, shift=0.5)
    model = RandomForestClassifier(max_depth=2)
    perm = PermutationImportanceResemblance(model)
    feature_importance = perm.fit_compute(X1, X2)
    perm.plot()
    ```
    <img src="../img/sample_similarity_permutation_importance.png" width="500" />
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model,
        iterations=100,
        scoring="roc_auc",
        test_prc=0.25,
        n_jobs=1,
        verbose=0,
        random_state=None,
    ):
        """
        Initializes the class.

        Args:
            model (model object):
                Regression or classification model or pipeline.

            iterations (int, optional):
                Number of iterations performed to calculate permutation importance. By default 100 iterations per
                feature are done.

            scoring (string or probatus.utils.Scorer, optional):
                Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with
                predefined
                [classification scorers names in sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html).
                Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. Recommended option for this
                class is 'roc_auc'.

            test_prc (float, optional):
                Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.

            n_jobs (int, optional):
                Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.

            verbose (int, optional):
                Controls verbosity of the output:

                - 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown
                - 1 - only most important warnings
                - 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.

            random_state (int, optional):
                Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be
                reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For
                reproducible results set it to integer.
        """  # noqa
        super().__init__(
            model=model,
            scoring=scoring,
            test_prc=test_prc,
            n_jobs=n_jobs,
            verbose=verbose,
            random_state=random_state,
        )

        self.iterations = iterations

        self.iterations_columns = ["feature", "importance"]
        self.iterations_results = pd.DataFrame(columns=self.iterations_columns)

        self.plot_x_label = "Permutation Feature Importance"
        self.plot_y_label = "Feature Name"
        self.plot_title = "Permutation Feature Importance of Resemblance Model"

    def fit(self, X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None):
        """
        This function assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second.

        Then, it randomly selects a
            portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row
            comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to
            that. The feature importance is calculated using permutation importance.

        Args:
            X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

            X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

            column_names (list of str, optional):
                List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
                feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
                generated.

            class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
                List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
                default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

        Returns:
            (PermutationImportanceResemblance):
                Fitted object.
        """
        super().fit(X1=X1, X2=X2, column_names=column_names, class_names=class_names)

        permutation_result = permutation_importance(
            self.model,
            self.X_test,
            self.y_test,
            scoring=self.scorer.scorer,
            n_repeats=self.iterations,
            n_jobs=self.n_jobs,
        )

        # Prepare report
        self.report_columns = ["mean_importance", "std_importance"]
        self.report = pd.DataFrame(index=self.column_names, columns=self.report_columns, dtype=float)

        for feature_index, feature_name in enumerate(self.column_names):
            # Fill in the report
            self.report.loc[feature_name, "mean_importance"] = permutation_result["importances_mean"][feature_index]
            self.report.loc[feature_name, "std_importance"] = permutation_result["importances_std"][feature_index]

            # Fill in the iterations
            current_iterations = pd.DataFrame(
                np.stack(
                    [
                        np.repeat(feature_name, self.iterations),
                        permutation_result["importances"][feature_index, :].reshape((self.iterations,)),
                    ],
                    axis=1,
                ),
                columns=self.iterations_columns,
            )

            self.iterations_results = pd.concat([self.iterations_results, current_iterations])

        self.iterations_results["importance"] = self.iterations_results["importance"].astype(float)

        # Sort by mean test score of first metric
        self.report.sort_values(by="mean_importance", ascending=False, inplace=True)

        return self

    def plot(self, ax=None, top_n=None, show=True, **plot_kwargs):
        """
        Plots the resulting AUC of the model as well as the feature importances.

        Args:
            ax (matplotlib.axes, optional):
                Axes to which the output should be plotted. If not provided new axes are created.

            top_n (int, optional):
                Number of the most important features to be plotted. By default features are included in the plot.

            show (bool, optional):
                If True, the plots are shown to the user, otherwise they are not shown. Not showing a plot can be useful
                when you want to edit the returned axis before showing it.

            **plot_kwargs:
                Keyword arguments passed to the matplotlib.plotly.subplots method.

        Returns:
            (matplotlib.axes):
                Axes that include the plot.
        """

        feature_report = self.compute()
        self.iterations_results["importance"] = self.iterations_results["importance"].astype(float)

        sorted_features = feature_report["mean_importance"].sort_values(ascending=True).index.values
        if top_n is not None and top_n > 0:
            sorted_features = sorted_features[-top_n:]

        if ax is None:
            fig, ax = plt.subplots(**plot_kwargs)

        for position, feature in enumerate(sorted_features):
            ax.boxplot(
                self.iterations_results[self.iterations_results["feature"] == feature]["importance"],
                positions=[position],
                vert=False,
            )

        ax.set_yticks(range(position + 1))
        ax.set_yticklabels(sorted_features)
        ax.set_xlabel(self.plot_x_label)
        ax.set_ylabel(self.plot_y_label)
        ax.set_title(self.plot_title)

        ax.annotate(
            self.results_text,
            (0, 0),
            (0, -50),
            fontsize=12,
            xycoords="axes fraction",
            textcoords="offset points",
            va="top",
        )

        if show:
            plt.show()
        else:
            plt.close()

        return ax

__init__(model, iterations=100, scoring='roc_auc', test_prc=0.25, n_jobs=1, verbose=0, random_state=None)

Initializes the class.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
model	model object	Regression or classification model or pipeline.	required
iterations	int	Number of iterations performed to calculate permutation importance. By default 100 iterations per feature are done.	100
scoring	string or Scorer	Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with predefined classification scorers names in sklearn. Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. Recommended option for this class is 'roc_auc'.	'roc_auc'
test_prc	float	Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.	0.25
n_jobs	int	Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.	1
verbose	int	Controls verbosity of the output: 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown 1 - only most important warnings 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.	0
random_state	int	Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For reproducible results set it to integer.	None

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def __init__(
    self,
    model,
    iterations=100,
    scoring="roc_auc",
    test_prc=0.25,
    n_jobs=1,
    verbose=0,
    random_state=None,
):
    """
    Initializes the class.

    Args:
        model (model object):
            Regression or classification model or pipeline.

        iterations (int, optional):
            Number of iterations performed to calculate permutation importance. By default 100 iterations per
            feature are done.

        scoring (string or probatus.utils.Scorer, optional):
            Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with
            predefined
            [classification scorers names in sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html).
            Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. Recommended option for this
            class is 'roc_auc'.

        test_prc (float, optional):
            Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.

        n_jobs (int, optional):
            Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.

        verbose (int, optional):
            Controls verbosity of the output:

            - 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown
            - 1 - only most important warnings
            - 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.

        random_state (int, optional):
            Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be
            reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For
            reproducible results set it to integer.
    """  # noqa
    super().__init__(
        model=model,
        scoring=scoring,
        test_prc=test_prc,
        n_jobs=n_jobs,
        verbose=verbose,
        random_state=random_state,
    )

    self.iterations = iterations

    self.iterations_columns = ["feature", "importance"]
    self.iterations_results = pd.DataFrame(columns=self.iterations_columns)

    self.plot_x_label = "Permutation Feature Importance"
    self.plot_y_label = "Feature Name"
    self.plot_title = "Permutation Feature Importance of Resemblance Model"

fit(X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None)

This function assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second.

Then, it randomly selects a portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to that. The feature importance is calculated using permutation importance.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
X1	ndarray or DataFrame	First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.	required
X2	ndarray or DataFrame	Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.	required
column_names	list of str	List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are generated.	None
class_names	None, or list of str	List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.	None

Returns:

Type	Description
PermutationImportanceResemblance	Fitted object.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def fit(self, X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None):
    """
    This function assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second.

    Then, it randomly selects a
        portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row
        comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to
        that. The feature importance is calculated using permutation importance.

    Args:
        X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

        X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

        column_names (list of str, optional):
            List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
            feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
            generated.

        class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
            List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
            default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

    Returns:
        (PermutationImportanceResemblance):
            Fitted object.
    """
    super().fit(X1=X1, X2=X2, column_names=column_names, class_names=class_names)

    permutation_result = permutation_importance(
        self.model,
        self.X_test,
        self.y_test,
        scoring=self.scorer.scorer,
        n_repeats=self.iterations,
        n_jobs=self.n_jobs,
    )

    # Prepare report
    self.report_columns = ["mean_importance", "std_importance"]
    self.report = pd.DataFrame(index=self.column_names, columns=self.report_columns, dtype=float)

    for feature_index, feature_name in enumerate(self.column_names):
        # Fill in the report
        self.report.loc[feature_name, "mean_importance"] = permutation_result["importances_mean"][feature_index]
        self.report.loc[feature_name, "std_importance"] = permutation_result["importances_std"][feature_index]

        # Fill in the iterations
        current_iterations = pd.DataFrame(
            np.stack(
                [
                    np.repeat(feature_name, self.iterations),
                    permutation_result["importances"][feature_index, :].reshape((self.iterations,)),
                ],
                axis=1,
            ),
            columns=self.iterations_columns,
        )

        self.iterations_results = pd.concat([self.iterations_results, current_iterations])

    self.iterations_results["importance"] = self.iterations_results["importance"].astype(float)

    # Sort by mean test score of first metric
    self.report.sort_values(by="mean_importance", ascending=False, inplace=True)

    return self

plot(ax=None, top_n=None, show=True, **plot_kwargs)

Plots the resulting AUC of the model as well as the feature importances.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
ax	axes	Axes to which the output should be plotted. If not provided new axes are created.	None
top_n	int	Number of the most important features to be plotted. By default features are included in the plot.	None
show	bool	If True, the plots are shown to the user, otherwise they are not shown. Not showing a plot can be useful when you want to edit the returned axis before showing it.	True
**plot_kwargs		Keyword arguments passed to the matplotlib.plotly.subplots method.	{}

Returns:

Type	Description
axes	Axes that include the plot.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def plot(self, ax=None, top_n=None, show=True, **plot_kwargs):
    """
    Plots the resulting AUC of the model as well as the feature importances.

    Args:
        ax (matplotlib.axes, optional):
            Axes to which the output should be plotted. If not provided new axes are created.

        top_n (int, optional):
            Number of the most important features to be plotted. By default features are included in the plot.

        show (bool, optional):
            If True, the plots are shown to the user, otherwise they are not shown. Not showing a plot can be useful
            when you want to edit the returned axis before showing it.

        **plot_kwargs:
            Keyword arguments passed to the matplotlib.plotly.subplots method.

    Returns:
        (matplotlib.axes):
            Axes that include the plot.
    """

    feature_report = self.compute()
    self.iterations_results["importance"] = self.iterations_results["importance"].astype(float)

    sorted_features = feature_report["mean_importance"].sort_values(ascending=True).index.values
    if top_n is not None and top_n > 0:
        sorted_features = sorted_features[-top_n:]

    if ax is None:
        fig, ax = plt.subplots(**plot_kwargs)

    for position, feature in enumerate(sorted_features):
        ax.boxplot(
            self.iterations_results[self.iterations_results["feature"] == feature]["importance"],
            positions=[position],
            vert=False,
        )

    ax.set_yticks(range(position + 1))
    ax.set_yticklabels(sorted_features)
    ax.set_xlabel(self.plot_x_label)
    ax.set_ylabel(self.plot_y_label)
    ax.set_title(self.plot_title)

    ax.annotate(
        self.results_text,
        (0, 0),
        (0, -50),
        fontsize=12,
        xycoords="axes fraction",
        textcoords="offset points",
        va="top",
    )

    if show:
        plt.show()
    else:
        plt.close()

    return ax

SHAPImportanceResemblance

Bases: BaseResemblanceModel

This model checks for similarity of two samples.

A possible use case is analysis of whether the train sample differs from the test sample, due to e.g. non-stationarity.

It assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second. Then, it randomly selects a portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to that. The feature importance is calculated using SHAP feature importance.

If the model achieves test AUC significantly different than 0.5, it indicates that it is possible to distinguish between the samples, and therefore, the samples differ. Features with a high permutation importance contribute to that effect the most. Thus, their distribution might differ between two samples.

This class currently works only with the Tree based models.

Examples:

from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from probatus.sample_similarity import SHAPImportanceResemblance
X1, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5)
X2, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5, shift=0.5)
model = RandomForestClassifier(max_depth=2)
rm = SHAPImportanceResemblance(model)
feature_importance = rm.fit_compute(X1, X2)
rm.plot()

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

class SHAPImportanceResemblance(BaseResemblanceModel):
    """
    This model checks for similarity of two samples.

    A possible use case is analysis of whether the train sample differs
        from the test sample, due to e.g. non-stationarity.

    It assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second. Then, it randomly selects a portion of
        data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row comes from. This
        provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to that. The feature
        importance is calculated using SHAP feature importance.

    If the model achieves test AUC significantly different than 0.5, it indicates that it is possible to distinguish
        between the samples, and therefore, the samples differ. Features with a high permutation importance contribute
        to that effect the most. Thus, their distribution might differ between two samples.

    This class currently works only with the Tree based models.

    Examples:
    ```python
    from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
    from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
    from probatus.sample_similarity import SHAPImportanceResemblance
    X1, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5)
    X2, _ = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=5, shift=0.5)
    model = RandomForestClassifier(max_depth=2)
    rm = SHAPImportanceResemblance(model)
    feature_importance = rm.fit_compute(X1, X2)
    rm.plot()
    ```

    <img src="../img/sample_similarity_shap_importance.png" width="320" />
    <img src="../img/sample_similarity_shap_summary.png" width="320" />
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model,
        scoring="roc_auc",
        test_prc=0.25,
        n_jobs=1,
        verbose=0,
        random_state=None,
    ):
        """
        Initializes the class.

        Args:
            model (model object):
                Regression or classification model or pipeline.

            scoring (string or probatus.utils.Scorer, optional):
                Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with
                predefined
                [classification scorers names in sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html).
                Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. Recommended option for this
                class is 'roc_auc'.

            test_prc (float, optional):
                Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.

            n_jobs (int, optional):
                Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.

            verbose (int, optional):
                Controls verbosity of the output:

                - 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown
                - 1 - only most important warnings
                - 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.

            random_state (int, optional):
                Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be
                reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For
                reproducible results set it to integer.
        """  # noqa
        super().__init__(
            model=model,
            scoring=scoring,
            test_prc=test_prc,
            n_jobs=n_jobs,
            verbose=verbose,
            random_state=random_state,
        )

        self.plot_title = "SHAP summary plot"

    def fit(self, X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None, **shap_kwargs):
        """
        This function assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second.

        Then, it randomly selects a
            portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row
            comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to
            that. The feature importance is calculated using SHAP feature importance.

        Args:
            X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

            X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
                Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

            column_names (list of str, optional):
                List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
                feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
                generated.

            class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
                List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
                default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

            **shap_kwargs:
                keyword arguments passed to
                [shap.Explainer](https://shap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/generated/shap.Explainer.html#shap.Explainer).
                It also enables `approximate` and `check_additivity` parameters, passed while calculating SHAP values.
                The `approximate=True` causes less accurate, but faster SHAP values calculation, while
                `check_additivity=False` disables the additivity check inside SHAP.

        Returns:
            (SHAPImportanceResemblance):
                Fitted object.
        """
        super().fit(X1=X1, X2=X2, column_names=column_names, class_names=class_names)

        self.shap_values_test = shap_calc(
            self.model, self.X_test, verbose=self.verbose, random_state=self.random_state, **shap_kwargs
        )
        self.report = calculate_shap_importance(self.shap_values_test, self.column_names)
        return self

    def plot(self, plot_type="bar", show=True, **summary_plot_kwargs):
        """
        Plots the resulting AUC of the model as well as the feature importances.

        Args:
            plot_type (str, optional): Type of plot, used to compute shap.summary_plot. By default 'bar', available ones
                are  "dot", "bar", "violin",

            show (bool, optional):
                If True, the plots are showed to the user, otherwise they are not shown. Not showing plot can be useful,
                when you want to edit the returned axis, before showing it.

            **summary_plot_kwargs:
                kwargs passed to the shap.summary_plot.

        Returns:
            (matplotlib.axes):
                Axes that include the plot.
        """

        # This line serves as a double check if the object has been fitted
        self._check_if_fitted()

        summary_plot(
            self.shap_values_test,
            self.X_test,
            plot_type=plot_type,
            class_names=self.class_names,
            show=False,
            **summary_plot_kwargs,
        )
        ax = plt.gca()
        ax.set_title(self.plot_title)

        ax.annotate(
            self.results_text,
            (0, 0),
            (0, -50),
            fontsize=12,
            xycoords="axes fraction",
            textcoords="offset points",
            va="top",
        )

        if show:
            plt.show()
        else:
            plt.close()

        return ax

    def get_shap_values(self):
        """
        Gets the SHAP values generated on the test set.

        Returns:
             (np.array):
                SHAP values generated on the test set.
        """
        self._check_if_fitted()
        return self.shap_values_test

__init__(model, scoring='roc_auc', test_prc=0.25, n_jobs=1, verbose=0, random_state=None)

Initializes the class.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
model	model object	Regression or classification model or pipeline.	required
scoring	string or Scorer	Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with predefined classification scorers names in sklearn. Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. Recommended option for this class is 'roc_auc'.	'roc_auc'
test_prc	float	Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.	0.25
n_jobs	int	Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.	1
verbose	int	Controls verbosity of the output: 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown 1 - only most important warnings 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.	0
random_state	int	Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For reproducible results set it to integer.	None

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def __init__(
    self,
    model,
    scoring="roc_auc",
    test_prc=0.25,
    n_jobs=1,
    verbose=0,
    random_state=None,
):
    """
    Initializes the class.

    Args:
        model (model object):
            Regression or classification model or pipeline.

        scoring (string or probatus.utils.Scorer, optional):
            Metric for which the model performance is calculated. It can be either a metric name aligned with
            predefined
            [classification scorers names in sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html).
            Another option is using probatus.utils.Scorer to define a custom metric. Recommended option for this
            class is 'roc_auc'.

        test_prc (float, optional):
            Percentage of data used to test the model. By default 0.25 is set.

        n_jobs (int, optional):
            Number of parallel executions. If -1 use all available cores. By default 1.

        verbose (int, optional):
            Controls verbosity of the output:

            - 0 - neither prints nor warnings are shown
            - 1 - only most important warnings
            - 2 - shows all prints and all warnings.

        random_state (int, optional):
            Random state set at each round of feature elimination. If it is None, the results will not be
            reproducible and in random search at each iteration a different hyperparameters might be tested. For
            reproducible results set it to integer.
    """  # noqa
    super().__init__(
        model=model,
        scoring=scoring,
        test_prc=test_prc,
        n_jobs=n_jobs,
        verbose=verbose,
        random_state=random_state,
    )

    self.plot_title = "SHAP summary plot"

fit(X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None, **shap_kwargs)

This function assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second.

Then, it randomly selects a portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to that. The feature importance is calculated using SHAP feature importance.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
X1	ndarray or DataFrame	First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.	required
X2	ndarray or DataFrame	Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.	required
column_names	list of str	List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are generated.	None
class_names	None, or list of str	List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.	None
**shap_kwargs		keyword arguments passed to shap.Explainer. It also enables approximate and check_additivity parameters, passed while calculating SHAP values. The approximate=True causes less accurate, but faster SHAP values calculation, while check_additivity=False disables the additivity check inside SHAP.	{}

Returns:

Type	Description
SHAPImportanceResemblance	Fitted object.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def fit(self, X1, X2, column_names=None, class_names=None, **shap_kwargs):
    """
    This function assigns labels to each sample, 0 to the first sample, 1 to the second.

    Then, it randomly selects a
        portion of data to train on. The resulting model tries to distinguish which sample a given test row
        comes from. This provides insights on how distinguishable these samples are and which features contribute to
        that. The feature importance is calculated using SHAP feature importance.

    Args:
        X1 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            First sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X2.

        X2 (np.ndarray or pd.DataFrame):
            Second sample to be compared. It needs to have the same number of columns as X1.

        column_names (list of str, optional):
            List of feature names of the provided samples. If provided it will be used to overwrite the existing
            feature names. If not provided the existing feature names are used or default feature names are
            generated.

        class_names (None, or list of str, optional):
            List of class names assigned, in this case provided samples e.g. ['sample1', 'sample2']. If none, the
            default ['First Sample', 'Second Sample'] are used.

        **shap_kwargs:
            keyword arguments passed to
            [shap.Explainer](https://shap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/generated/shap.Explainer.html#shap.Explainer).
            It also enables `approximate` and `check_additivity` parameters, passed while calculating SHAP values.
            The `approximate=True` causes less accurate, but faster SHAP values calculation, while
            `check_additivity=False` disables the additivity check inside SHAP.

    Returns:
        (SHAPImportanceResemblance):
            Fitted object.
    """
    super().fit(X1=X1, X2=X2, column_names=column_names, class_names=class_names)

    self.shap_values_test = shap_calc(
        self.model, self.X_test, verbose=self.verbose, random_state=self.random_state, **shap_kwargs
    )
    self.report = calculate_shap_importance(self.shap_values_test, self.column_names)
    return self

get_shap_values()

Gets the SHAP values generated on the test set.

Returns:

Type	Description
array	SHAP values generated on the test set.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def get_shap_values(self):
    """
    Gets the SHAP values generated on the test set.

    Returns:
         (np.array):
            SHAP values generated on the test set.
    """
    self._check_if_fitted()
    return self.shap_values_test

plot(plot_type='bar', show=True, **summary_plot_kwargs)

Plots the resulting AUC of the model as well as the feature importances.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
plot_type	str	Type of plot, used to compute shap.summary_plot. By default 'bar', available ones are "dot", "bar", "violin",	'bar'
show	bool	If True, the plots are showed to the user, otherwise they are not shown. Not showing plot can be useful, when you want to edit the returned axis, before showing it.	True
**summary_plot_kwargs		kwargs passed to the shap.summary_plot.	{}

Returns:

Type	Description
axes	Axes that include the plot.

Source code in probatus/sample_similarity/resemblance_model.py

def plot(self, plot_type="bar", show=True, **summary_plot_kwargs):
    """
    Plots the resulting AUC of the model as well as the feature importances.

    Args:
        plot_type (str, optional): Type of plot, used to compute shap.summary_plot. By default 'bar', available ones
            are  "dot", "bar", "violin",

        show (bool, optional):
            If True, the plots are showed to the user, otherwise they are not shown. Not showing plot can be useful,
            when you want to edit the returned axis, before showing it.

        **summary_plot_kwargs:
            kwargs passed to the shap.summary_plot.

    Returns:
        (matplotlib.axes):
            Axes that include the plot.
    """

    # This line serves as a double check if the object has been fitted
    self._check_if_fitted()

    summary_plot(
        self.shap_values_test,
        self.X_test,
        plot_type=plot_type,
        class_names=self.class_names,
        show=False,
        **summary_plot_kwargs,
    )
    ax = plt.gca()
    ax.set_title(self.plot_title)

    ax.annotate(
        self.results_text,
        (0, 0),
        (0, -50),
        fontsize=12,
        xycoords="axes fraction",
        textcoords="offset points",
        va="top",
    )

    if show:
        plt.show()
    else:
        plt.close()

    return ax